This study aims to examine the relationship between Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Loans (NPL), and operational efficiency measured by the Operating Expenses to Operating Income ratio (BOPO) on profitability, represented by Return on Assets (ROA), as well as to explore the moderating role of BOPO in strengthening or attenuating the effect of NPL on ROA in National Private Commercial Banks (BUSN) in Indonesia during the period 2020–2024. A quantitative approach was employed using secondary data sourced from annual financial statements, and analysis was conducted through panel data regression to simultaneously capture temporal and cross-entity variations. Empirical results indicate that CAR and NPL have a significant negative effect on ROA, suggesting that higher capital levels or elevated credit risk tend to reduce bank profitability. Conversely, BOPO exerts a significant positive effect on ROA, implying that increases in operational expenses in BUSN are more associated with the intensification of productive activities that effectively enhance revenue rather than non-productive costs (Kasmir, 2019). Furthermore, BOPO is found to moderate the NPL-ROA relationship, emphasizing that operational efficiency and quality management of business activities are crucial determinants in mediating the impact of credit risk on profitability.
This study examines the effect of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), risk, profitability, capital adequacy, leverage, and liquidity on firm value in banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2022–2025. Firm value is measured using Price to Book Value (PBV), while GCG, risk, profitability, capital adequacy, leverage, and liquidity are proxied by CGPI, NPL, ROA, CAR, DAR, and LDR, respectively. This quantitative study uses secondary data from annual reports, with samples selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS. The results show that profitability, capital adequacy, and leverage have a positive and significant effect on firm value, whereas GCG, risk, and liquidity have no significant effect. These findings indicate that investors place greater emphasis on profitability, capital strength, and debt management in assessing firm value.
This study aims to examine the effect of profitability, liquidity, and leverage on tax aggressiveness in health sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2022–2025. Tax aggressiveness is measured using the GAAP Effective Tax Rate (GAAP ETR), while profitability is proxied by Return on Assets (ROA), liquidity by the Current Ratio (CR), and leverage by the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER). A quantitative research method with descriptive and verificative approaches is employed. The population consists of 38 health sector companies, from which 11 companies are selected as samples through purposive sampling, yielding 44 firm-year observations. Data analysis is performed using panel data regression with the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) estimated through EViews 12. The results show that: (1) profitability does not significantly affect tax aggressiveness (prob. = 0.1023 > 0.05); (2) liquidity does not significantly affect tax aggressiveness (prob. = 0.4822 > 0.05); (3) leverage significantly affects tax aggressiveness (prob. = 0.0424 < 0.05); and (4) profitability, liquidity, and leverage simultaneously affect tax aggressiveness (prob. F-statistic = 0.0006 < 0.05), with an Adjusted R-squared of 0.48 or 48%. These findings suggest that debt financing structure plays a critical role in corporate tax planning decisions within the Indonesian health sector.
This study aims to analyze the effect of the Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER) and Inventory Turnover (ITO) on profitability, measured using Return on Assets (ROA), in companies in the pharmaceutical subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2020–2024. This study employs a quantitative approach using secondary data in the form of companies’ annual financial reports. The sampling technique utilized purposive sampling with a sample size of 6 companies. The analysis method employed is panel data regression, accompanied by classical assumption tests, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination. The results indicate that, individually, DER and ITO influence ROA with varying directions of the relationship, while simultaneously, both variables significantly affect profitability. This study implies that capital structure management and inventory efficiency are critical factors in enhancing the financial performance of pharmaceutical companies.
Financial performance is a crucial indicator for assessing a banking company's ability to generate profit and maintain business sustainability. However, prior research regarding the impact of firm size and firm age on financial performance has yielded inconsistent findings. This study aims to analyze the influence of firm size and firm age on financial performance—proxied by Return on Assets (ROA)—among banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2024–2025 period. A quantitative approach was employed using secondary data obtained from the annual financial reports of the banking companies. The study population comprised 48 banking companies; a saturated sampling technique was used, meaning the entire population served as the sample, resulting in 96 observations. Data analysis was conducted using panel data regression with the aid of EViews 13 software. The results indicate that firm size has a negative and significant effect on financial performance, whereas firm age has a positive and significant effect. Furthermore, firm size and firm age simultaneously exert a significant influence on financial performance. The study concludes that a company's operational experience plays a role in enhancing financial performance, whereas an increase in firm size is not necessarily accompanied by an increase in profitability.
This study aims to analyse the impact of operating costs, capital structure and liquidity on profitability in companies in the Food and Beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2021–2025. Profitability is measured using Return on Assets (ROA), operating costs are measured by the Operating Expenses to Operating Revenue ratio (BOPO), capital structure is measured by the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and liquidity is measured by the Current Ratio (CR). This study employs a quantitative approach using secondary data in the form of annual financial statements, comprising 140 observations (firm-years) from 28 companies. The analysis method employed was multiple linear regression. The results indicate that, when considered individually, operating costs (BOPO) have a positive and significant effect on ROA, capital structure (DER) has a positive and significant effect on ROA, whilst liquidity (CR) has a positive but insignificant effect on ROA. When considered simultaneously, all three variables have a significant effect on profitability
