Exploring the Role of School Culture in Character Formation: A Qualitative Study of Vocational High Schools

Abstract

The decline in youth morality, marked by increased violence, intolerance, and permissive attitudes toward unethical behaviour, poses significant challenges to the education sector. In Indonesia, this issue is reflected in the rising number of ethical violations committed by students within school environments. In response, the government has implemented the Character Education Strengthening Policy (Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter, PPK) alongside the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila, P5) as part of the Merdeka Curriculum. The success of these policies, however, largely depends on the extent to which school culture can sustainably shape positive values and habits. This study aims to explore the role of school culture in character development among students at SMKN 1 Nisam and SMKN 1 Dewantara in Aceh Utara. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, utilizing interviews, observations, and documentation for data collection. The research focused on daily school activities, teacher role modelling, extracurricular program implementation, and the involvement of school stakeholders. Findings indicate that both schools have fostered institutional cultures that support character development, particularly in values such as religiosity, discipline, honesty, responsibility, and social care. Character building is facilitated through religious activities, organizational training, and project-based learning. However, differences exist in the consistency of implementation and role modelling between the two schools. In conclusion, collaboratively and sustainably managed school culture plays a crucial role in student character development. The integration of the P5 approach into daily school activities further strengthens school culture as a foundational pillar of character education.