Microbial exopolysaccharides as bioactive modulators of intestinal health: a systematic review

Abstract

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are secondary metabolites produced and secreted by microorganisms during fermentation. Their structure and physicochemical properties depend on the microbial strain and growth conditions, making them highly versatile for application in the food industry. Current investigations have expanded to include their use as a bioactive compound, providing health benefits to the host without the introduction of live microorganisms, as in the case with probiotics. This systematic review analyzed 28 in vivo studies to assess the effects of EPS on intestinal health. Evidence suggests that EPS modulates the gut microbiome, enhances intestinal epithelium integrity, alters inflammatory biomarkers, affects colonic morphology, and increases short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Overall, this systematic review primarily focuses on colonic health, with limited consideration of the role of EPS during small intestinal digestion. The findings support the potential of microbial exopolysaccharides as bioactive macromolecules that may improve intestinal health. This systematic review has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews database (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD420261292367).