Techniques of Cultural Translation: An Analysis of Mountain Painted with Turmeric

Realia of Russian Culture in Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina and their Translation

This article explores the translation of Russian cultural realia in Leo Tolstoy’s "Anna Karenina"and their interpretation in English versions. The study focuses on four major categories of cultural realia: everyday life, social hierarchy, religious practices, and symbolic elements. The central problem lies in the fact that translating such realia goes beyond lexical substitution and becomes an act of intercultural communication, where the translator’s choices determine whether the national identity is preserved or lost. The aim of the research is to identify the specific strategies used by Constance Garnett (1901) and Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (2004) in rendering cultural realia, and to assess how adaptation versus preservation influences the perception of the novel in the English-speaking world. The analysis reveals that Garnett employed domestication, replacing Russian realia with familiar analogues (tea-urn, count, christening), which facilitated comprehension but reduced authenticity. In contrast, Pevear and Volokhonsky retained original terms (samovar, graf, moleben, troika), creating a sense of foreignness while preserving cultural specificity. The findings confirm Vlakhov and Florin’s thesis that the translation of realia is a “test for the translator.” The choice between adaptation and preservation directly shapes the image of Russia in the minds of foreign readers. Thus, the translation of cultural realia in Anna Karenina functions not merely as a literary task but as a medium of intercultural dialogue, influencing the transmission of national identity across linguistic boundaries.

ENGLISH–UZBEK TRANSLATION PROBLEMS OF MODERNIST PROSE: A STUDY OF VIRGINIA WOOLF'S WORKS

This article examines the linguistic and stylistic challenges encountered in translating modernist prose from English into Uzbek, with particular reference to Virginia Woolf’s modernist novels Mrs Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. The study analyzes the difficulties involved in rendering the author’s stream of consciousness technique, complex syntactic structures, symbolic imagery, individual writing style, and culture-specific elements in the translation process. Furthermore, it provides a scholarly discussion of effective translation strategies aimed at preserving the aesthetic value of the literary text, the author’s distinctive style, and its pragmatic effect. The findings contribute to the advancement of the theory and practice of literary translation between English and Uzbek and support the development of principles for the adequate translation of modernist literary works.

Translation Procedures of Cultural Elements in the Poem Takkan Hilang

This study examines the translation procedures of cultural elements in the Malay poetry collection Takkan Hilang by Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim and its English translation by Harry Aveling. The main focus of the study is to identify the categories of cultural elements present in the source text and to analyse the translation procedures employed in transferring these cultural elements from Malay as the source language into English as the target language. This study is guided by the theoretical framework proposed by Peter Newmark (1988), particularly his categorisation of cultural elements and translation procedures. A qualitative approach is employed using text analysis of 61 poems in the source language and their corresponding 61 translated poems. The data are analysed systematically by identifying cultural elements based on the categories of ecology, material culture and artefacts, social culture, as well as organisations, customs, activities, and concepts. The findings indicate that Takkan Hilang is rich in Malay cultural elements and that various translation procedures are employed to preserve the meaning and cultural values of the source text. Among the procedures identified are cultural equivalence, functional equivalence, modulation, synonymy, couplet, literal translation, as well as reduction and expansion. In conclusion, the appropriate selection of translation procedures plays a crucial role in preserving cultural elements and ensuring that the poetic message can be effectively understood by target readers without compromising the originality of the source meaning.

Transformation of Meaning Based on Cultural Context in the Translation  of Lontar Yusuf into Indonesian

This study aims to analyze the transformation of cultural meaning in the translation of Lontar Yusuf into Indonesian to understand the changes in meaning that occur in the process of translating traditional texts rich in cultural and religious values. The research data were sourced from Lontar Yusuf Banyuwangi: Pegon Text–Transliteration–Translation and analyzed using an interpretive qualitative approach with a bounded-corpus design. The data were purposively selected based on indications of cultural significance transformations in the source and target texts. Data analysis is carried out through thematic analysis, which includes coding, category grouping, and theme interpretation, and is supported by comparing meaning components to identify the forms of meaning change that occur. The results of the study show that there are four forms of cultural meaning transformation, namely narrowing meaning, expanding meaning, generalization, and shifting spiritual meaning. The findings also show that translation strategies oriented towards the target culture are more prevalent than strategies that preserve elements of the source culture, resulting in a simplification of the representation of cultural and spiritual meaning in the translated text. This research contributes to the study of traditional text translation by deepening understanding of the transformation of cultural meaning in translation and its implications for the preservation of cultural and religious values in target texts.

Cultural elements in Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Jivago from a translation perspective

Cultural elements reflect the history, civilization and common knowledge shared by members of a community. In literary translation, the translator is faced with an essential choice: report, translate or adapt cultural references? In other words, the translator must choose the global strategy for transposing culturemes from the source language to the target language: domestication or foreignisation. The paper follows the techniques and strategies for transposing culturemes from the novel Doctor Zhivago by Boris Pasternak into Romanian: direct transfer, semantic equivalence, cultural adaptation, generalization, annotation, explicitation, omission. In the treatment of culturemes, the translator should be guided by the care of not producing a heterogeneous target text.

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