Multi-modal Knowledge Preserving Adapter for Embedding Backward Compatibility

Abstract

Upgrading embedding models typically requires expensive database re-indexing, as new query embeddings are incompatible with existing database embeddings. While Backward Compatible Training (BCT) mitigates this by enforcing compatibility during training, existing approaches often require updating the backbone model. This is impractical because of significant training cost, the risk of performance regression, and limited access to proprietary model weights. We introduce Multi-modal Knowledge Preserving Adapter (MKP-Adapter), the first adapter-only BCT approach for Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) that requires no backbone updates. We identified that the primary challenge in adapter-only BCT is preserving the knowledge of the new embeddings while enforcing backward compatibility. Hence, we propose a multi-level preservation loss that maintains the geometric structure of the embedding spaces throughout BCT. Furthermore, a focal re-weighting strategy is integrated to prioritize learning from challenging samples. Experiments demonstrate that our method achieves strong backward compatibility across diverse multi-modal benchmarks (image, text, visual document, and video retrieval tasks) and model types. Notably, MKP-Adapter is trained solely on pre-extracted embeddings and requires only negligible additional latency relative to the original backbone forward pass, highlighting its efficiency.