Makna Teologis Roti Dan Anggur Dalam Sakramen Perjamuan Kudus: Kajian Historis Hingga Reformasi Protestan

Abstract

The debate over the meaning of bread and wine in the Lord's Supper continuously shapes denominational theology. This qualitative study, employing a theological-normative method combined with historical hermeneutics, aims to analyze the theological development of these elements from the early church era to the Protestant Reformation, with a specific focus on the Lutheran perspective. The findings indicate that the conceptualization of bread and wine evolved from the patristic emphasis on Christ’s mystical and real presence, was metaphysically formulated through the medieval doctrine of transubstantiation, and was subsequently reformulated by Martin Luther through the concept of Sacramental Union. Despite diverse interpretations regarding the mode of presence, all mainstream Christian traditions affirm this sacrament as an objective means of grace deeply rooted in Scripture. This study concludes that an integrative biblical-historical understanding of bread and wine is crucial for modern faith formation, liturgical practice, and contemporary ecumenical dialogue.