Beyond Technology: Privacy, Spirituality, and Women’s Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Abstract

This study examined women’s general attitudes toward artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare and aimed to identify factors associated with these attitudes, with particular consideration of gynecological and obstetric contexts. The study does not directly assess acceptance of specific AI applications but focuses on general attitudinal tendencies that may inform the development of more trustworthy and acceptable AI-supported healthcare systems. This cross-sectional study included 204 women aged 18–65 years. Data were collected between November 2025 and February 2026 using an online questionnaire distributed via convenience and snowball sampling methods. Data were collected using a personal information form, the General Attitude Toward Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Scale, the Body Privacy in Gynecology Obstetrics Scale, and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, correlation analyses, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. Women with higher educational levels and prior AI experience demonstrated more positive attitudes toward AI. Privacy perception and spirituality were negatively associated with attitudes toward AI, whereas educational level and prior AI experience were positively associated with AI attitudes. Privacy perception, spirituality, prior AI experience, and education emerged as important factors shaping women’s attitudes toward artificial intelligence in healthcare. Strengthening privacy protections, addressing ethical and value-based concerns, and improving digital health literacy may contribute to the development of more favorable attitudes toward AI-supported healthcare.