PREVALENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF E. COLI

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most pressing global public health challenges of the 21st century. Among Gram-negative pathogens, Escherichia coli (E. coli) plays a central role due to its dual nature as a commensal organism and a frequent opportunistic pathogen. This review critically evaluates the prevalence, molecular mechanisms, and epidemiological distribution of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of E. coli. Evidence from multiple peer-reviewed studies demonstrates a significant rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains, particularly in hospital environments. Resistance to first-line antibiotics such as ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins is highly prevalent, while reduced susceptibility to carbapenems has emerged as an alarming trend. The findings emphasize the urgent necessity for antimicrobial stewardship programs, strengthened surveillance systems, and global coordinated interventions.