Clinicopathological features and associated risk factors of oral cancer in a high-risk population

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a leading cause of mortality among head and neck cancers. Despite extensive research efforts, the interplay of demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral risk factors in high-risk populations is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the clinicopathological features and associated risk factors of oral cancer, specifically focusing on identifying and quantifying site-specific cancer risks within a high-risk population. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 186 patients with OSCC in Karachi (Pakistan) with a mean age of 47.6±12.1 years. It utilized a robust methodology combining institutional records and the Dryad Digital Repository. Data collection involved a comprehensive structured questionnaire capturing sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral variables. Tumor staging followed the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th Edition criteria, with sophisticated depth of invasion classification and meticulous statistical analysis. Results. Demographic analysis revealed that 22.6% were current smokers. The study found four significant risk factors for buccal cavity cancer: male gender (2.5-fold increased risk), primary education level (2.9-fold increased risk), employment status (2.7-fold increased risk), and Gutka chewing (5.3-fold increased risk). Tumor distribution showed 68.8% located in buccal mucosa, with Gutka emerging as the most prevalent chewing tobacco product (14% of participants). Conclusions. The study provides insights into the complex etiology of OSCC, highlighting the interplay between socioeconomic factors and cancer development. The findings underscore the need for targeted prevention strategies among high-risk populations.