Clinical profile and short-term outcomes of severe acute respiratory infection in children aged 2 months–5 years admitted to a tertiary care hospital

Abstract

Background: Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is a major cause of illness and death among children, particularly in resource-limited settings. Early recognition of its clinical features and contributing factors may improve outcomes. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the clinical profile, contributing factors, management, and short-term outcomes of SARI among children aged 2 months–5 years. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included children aged 2 months–5 years diagnosed with SARI. Demographic characteristics, clinical history, socioeconomic status, immunization status, birth weight, gestational age, examination findings, radiographic findings, treatment, complications, and hospital stay were recorded. Results: Children aged 2–6 months constituted 40.9% of cases, and 54.5% were male. Overall, 41.9% belonged to lower socioeconomic classes. Low birth weight was reported in 30.3%, prematurity in 7%, previous neonatal intensive care unit admission in 13.6%, and incomplete or absent vaccination in 46%. Fever was the most common symptom (98%), followed by cough (84.8%), runny nose (57%), and breathlessness (52.5%). Intercostal retractions were present in 68.1%, while nasal flaring occurred in 33.8%. Radiographic abnormalities were observed in 77.2%, commonly increased bronchovascular markings (44.2%) and bronchopneumonia (26.7%). Antibiotics were administered to 93.4%, oxygen therapy to 73.7%, and mechanical ventilation to 22.8%. Complications occurred in 34.3%, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (19.5%) and shock (18%). Mean hospital stay was 4.8 days. Conclusion: Young infants, low birth weight, incomplete immunization, and socioeconomic disadvantage were important contributors to SARI. Early diagnosis, prompt respiratory support, and improved vaccination coverage may reduce morbidity and complications.