DEKONSTRUKSI KETIMPANGAN STRUKTURAL DAN AKSES KESEJAHTERAAN: DIALEKTIKA TEORETIS DALAM REALITAS SOSIAL KONTEMPORER

Abstract

ABSTRACT Contemporary socioeconomic inequality can no longer be understood merely as differences in individual income, but rather as a manifestation of systemic structural distortions. This article aims to reconstruct the analytical paradigm of social inequality by synthesizing the perspectives of Amartya Sen, Joseph Stiglitz, Jeffrey Winters, and Jeffrey Sachs. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach based on an analytical literature review. The literature was analyzed through concept identification, comparative analysis of perspectives, and theoretical synthesis to develop an integrated analytical framework. The novelty of this study lies in integrating four major political economy perspectives into a single conceptual model that comprehensively explains the reproduction of structural inequality. The analysis examines capability deprivation (Sen), rent-seeking behavior (Stiglitz), oligarchic domination (Winters), and structural poverty traps (Sachs), while relating these concepts to the commercialization of essential public services in Indonesia and the growing vulnerability of workers in the digital economy. The findings indicate that the concentration of wealth weakens fair market competition, exacerbates information asymmetry, and restricts people's capabilities through policies shaped by unequal power structures. This article proposes an integrated policy framework consisting of progressive tax reform, strengthened guarantees for basic capabilities, the de-oligarchization of regulatory institutions, and the acceleration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote a more inclusive and sustainable social justice system. ABSTRACT Ketimpangan sosial ekonomi kontemporer tidak lagi dapat dipahami sekadar sebagai variasi pendapatan antarindividu, melainkan sebagai manifestasi distorsi struktural yang sistemis. Artikel ini bertujuan merekonstruksi paradigma analisis ketimpangan sosial melalui sintesis pemikiran Amartya Sen, Joseph Stiglitz, Jeffrey Winters, dan Jeffrey Sachs. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka analitis. Literatur dianalisis melalui tahapan identifikasi konsep, komparasi perspektif, dan sintesis teoritis untuk membangun kerangka analisis yang integratif. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi empat perspektif ekonomi-politik ke dalam satu model konseptual yang menjelaskan reproduksi ketimpangan struktural secara komprehensif. Analisis mencakup deprivasi kapabilitas (Sen), perburuan rente (Stiglitz), oligarki (Winters), dan perangkap kemiskinan struktural (Sachs), serta dikaitkan dengan komersialisasi layanan dasar di Indonesia dan kerentanan pekerja dalam ekonomi digital. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi kekayaan memperlemah persaingan, memperbesar asimetri informasi, dan membatasi kapabilitas masyarakat melalui kebijakan yang dipengaruhi struktur kekuasaan. Artikel ini menawarkan kerangka kebijakan terintegrasi berupa reformasi pajak progresif, penguatan jaminan kapabilitas dasar, de-oligarkisasi regulasi, dan percepatan pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) untuk mewujudkan keadilan sosial yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.