Assessment of Use of PPE and Other Problems with Confined Spaces during Construction Works In Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Abstract

Confined spaces such as sewers, tanks, tunnels, and trenches in construction projects pose significant occupational hazards, particularly in developing countries like Nepal. This study evaluates the challenges associated with confined space work in Kathmandu Valley’s construction industry, focusing on hazard identification, PPE usage, training access, emergency preparedness, and enforcement of safety standards. Mixed methods including field observations, interviews, focus group discussions, and surveys were employed. Findings reveal widespread absence or inadequate use of PPE, lack of formal permit-to-work systems, insufficient training, poor rescue planning, and weak regulatory enforcement. Workers, primarily from marginalized communities, are exposed to high risks without institutional support. The study recommends national guidelines aligned with international standards, mandatory training, improved enforcement, and social inclusion measures to enhance confined space safety in Nepal.