The Effects of an Emotional Freedom Technique-Based Intervention During Mammography on Perceived Pain, Situational Anxiety, and Satisfaction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Aug 2026· Research in Nursing and Health· 0 citations· 29 references
Medicine
TL;DR
The findings suggest that an EFT-based intervention appears effective in reducing pain and anxiety and enhancing satisfaction in women undergoing mammography, supporting its complementary use despite the study's modest sample size and some variability in intervention duration.
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the impact of an Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT)-based supportive intervention applied prior to mammography screening on women's perceived pain, situational anxiety, and satisfaction levels. It was hypothesized that women receiving EFT would report lower pain and anxiety levels and higher satisfaction compared to the control group. This research was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Data were collected at the Cancer Early Diagnosis, Screening, and Education Center between November 2024 and May 2025. The sample consisted of 94 women, with 47 in the EFT-based supportive intervention group and 47 in the control group. Participants were randomly assigned to groups using a computer-generated randomization sequence. Data were collected using the Pre- and Post-Procedure Information Form, the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I), and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The intervention group received a standardized single EFT session before mammography, with all procedural steps applied consistently, while the control group received only routine care. Between-group comparisons were done using the t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and within-group changes with the Wilcoxon test. The intervention group had significantly lower post-procedure STAI-I scores (d = 2.18), lower pain levels during (d = 1.61) and after the procedure (d = 0.84), and higher satisfaction scores (d = 2.08) compared to the control group (all p < 0.001). The findings suggest that an EFT-based intervention appears effective in reducing pain and anxiety and enhancing satisfaction in women undergoing mammography, supporting its complementary use despite the study's modest sample size and some variability in intervention duration. Trial Registration: NCT06296927 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/).
This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the effect of music played during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion on perceived pain, state anxiety, and satisfaction levels. The study was conducted with 70 women who applied to a maternal and child health and family planning center and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups using simple randomization. Data were collected using a Demographic Information Form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I), and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), as well as Bluetooth speakers and the musical piece Evgeny Grinko-Valse. Participants in the intervention group listened to music before and during the IUD insertion procedure, whereas the control group received routine care only. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Women in the music group had significantly lower perceived pain (p < 0.001) and state anxiety levels during the procedure (p = 0.022), and significantly higher satisfaction levels compared with the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, post-procedure state anxiety levels were positively correlated with pain intensity experienced during and after the procedure (r = 0.542 and r = 0.496, respectively; p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with procedural satisfaction (r = -0.652; p < 0.001). These findings suggest that listening to music during IUD insertion may help reduce pain and anxiety while potentially enhancing patient satisfaction. Trial Registration: NCT06215183.
Sümeyye Köse, Handan Özcan, Merve Meşedüzü· Research in Nursing and Heal...· 0 citations
Background: Women undergoing hysterectomy frequently experienced anxiety because they worry about the procedure itself and losing their ability to conceive. Another important factor that is influenced by hysterectomy is self-esteem. When educational guidelines are used well, they can result in superior psychological results, such as decreased anxiety and increased self-esteem. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of educational guidelines on anxiety and self-esteem among women undergoing hysterectomy. Methods: A quasi-experimental research (pre-posttest) was utilized in the study. A purposive sample of 80 women underwent hysterectomy was enrolled. The study conducted at the Women Health Hospital's gynecological department at Assiut University. Three tools were used; a structured interview questionnaire, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale to measure anxiety levels and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to assess self- esteem level. Results: The study findings clarified that the majority (85%) of the studied women experience mild to moderate anxiety, only (30%) had high self-esteem before intervention while after intervention, both anxiety and self-esteem was significantly improved (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Women having hysterectomy saw a considerable and positive improvement in their self-esteem and decreased anxiety when educational guidelines were implemented. For women having a hysterectomy, it is crucial to incorporate educational guidelines into their regular preoperative and postoperative treatment.
Zeinab Mohamed Abdel Salam, Nadia Hussian Ahmed, Walaa Hamza Ibrahim· The Malaysian Journal of Nur...· 0 citations
This exploratory secondary analysis investigated whether individual patient characteristics might moderate the effectiveness of a personalized, information-based intervention aimed at reducing preoperative anxiety. The study included 122 patients scheduled for elective surgery. Anxiety was assessed repeatedly before surgery using the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale alongside numeric rating scales, capturing surgery-related anxiety, anesthesia-related anxiety, and overall anxiety. Constrained linear mixed models were applied to evaluate potential moderating effects of sociodemographic (e.g., education), psychological (e.g., neuroticism, depression, need for information, perceived physician competence and warmth), and clinical variables (e.g., smoking status, previous surgeries, type of surgery, chronic pain, premedication). The intervention consisted of a structured conversation supplemented by optional video material. The analyses provided little evidence that intervention effects systematically differed according to the examined patient characteristics. Among the examined moderators, chronic pain yielded the strongest indication of potential effect modification with regard to anesthesia-related anxiety outcomes. However, these findings did not remain statistically significant after correction for multiple testing and should therefore be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating. Overall, the present findings provide no confirmatory evidence that the effectiveness of the intervention differs systematically across the examined patient characteristics. Future adequately powered studies are needed to determine whether specific patient characteristics influence response to personalized preoperative anxiety interventions.
Stefan Salzmann, F. Euteneuer, N. Becker et al.· Scientific Reports· 0 citations
Objective The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of PPT compared to CBT and to test whether PPT is as effective or even more effective than CBT in reducing anxiety symptoms and improving the patients’ quality of life. The interventions last ten weeks and takes place in an online group setting. Methods A total of 110 patients were divided into two intervention groups (PPT: n = 53; CBT: n = 57). The measurements were conducted using online questionnaires to evaluate the anxiety, subjective happiness and quality of life (primary outcomes), and the levels of psychological distress (secondary outcome). These measures were obtained at three time points: the beginning of the study (T0), the end of the study (T1), and the follow-up three months later (T2). Results The results for the main effect group were not significant, with one exception for the Fear Questionnaire (FQ). The time × groups interaction were not significant. The time factor consistently showed medium to high effects sizes. The levels of anxiety, subjective experience of happiness, and psychological distress improved significantly from pre- to post-treatment in both intervention groups, with effects persisting until the three-month follow-up. Conclusion Our study could show that the positive psychology intervention yields the same effects as the standardized CBT for the treatment of anxiety disorders, as there were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in terms of reduction of anxiety symptoms and improvement in satisfaction and quality of life over time.
Catiana L Engelhardt, Sabrina Keller, Thomas Berger et al.· PLoS ONE· 0 citations
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on health anxiety, attitude toward life, and family processes in women with symptoms of social anxiety referred to psychiatric and psychological centers in Yazd. This applied study used a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included women aged 25 to 40 years who referred to psychiatric and psychological centers in Yazd and showed symptoms of social anxiety during the first three months of 2023. Thirty participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group, with 15 participants in each group. The experimental group received schema therapy in ten 90-minute sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Health Anxiety Inventory, the Life Regard Index, the Family Process Scale, and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 22 through multivariate analysis of covariance and univariate analysis of covariance. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that, after controlling for pretest scores, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in health anxiety, attitude toward life, and family processes. The group effect was significant for health anxiety (F=10.379, p=0.003), attitude toward life (F=7.625, p=0.011), and family processes (F=9.845, p=0.004). The results of univariate covariance analyses also indicated that schema therapy significantly reduced health anxiety and significantly increased attitude toward life and family processes in the experimental group compared with the control group. The effect sizes for health anxiety, attitude toward life, and family processes were 0.610, 0.592, and 0.604, respectively. The findings indicate that schema therapy can be considered an effective intervention for reducing health anxiety and improving attitude toward life and family processes in women with symptoms of social anxiety. By targeting early maladaptive schemas, dysfunctional coping styles, and unhealthy emotional and interpersonal patterns, schema therapy appears to have substantial potential for enhancing psychological and family functioning in this population.
Mina Dehghan Chenari, Farangis Demehri· Health Psychology and Behavi...· 0 citations
Abstract Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of a single-session music intervention on pain intensity, state anxiety, and vital signs in cancer patients receiving palliative care. Background: While music therapy is recognized as a non-pharmacological complementary tool, its simultaneous effect on both physiological and psychological parameters requires robust methodological evaluation within specific palliative care settings. Methods: A cluster quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design was conducted across two palliative care centres. The sample comprised 32 patients (Intervention: 16, Control: 16). To prevent treatment contamination, allocation was systematically performed at the room level rather than the individual level. The intervention group received a 30-minute session of instrumental Turkish classical music (Hicaz and Buselik maqams) via headphones, while the control group rested in bed. Data were collected using a Patient Description Form, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and a Physiological Parameter Monitoring Form. Linear Mixed Models (LMM) analyzed group × time interactions to account for clustering effects and baseline socio-demographic imbalances. Findings: Analysis revealed significant group × time interactions Post-intervention, the intervention group showed statistically significant reduction in pain intensity and state anxiety scores compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Vital signs (pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure) demonstrated significant stabilization, alongside a significant increase in oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the intervention group. A 30-minute maqam-based instrumental music session shows potential as a stabilizing, non-pharmacological adjunct for acute symptom management in palliative cancer patients. Due to the small sample size and cluster-allocation, findings provide preliminary evidence. Clinical trial number: NCT07262151 (ClinicalTrials.gov). Retrospectively registered 3 December 2025.
Gülsüm Kehribar, Pınar Tekinsoy Kartın· Primary Health Care Research...· 0 citations