Open access
Inter-annual trends of PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a comparative study for source apportionment and health risk assessment
Azharul Alam Atik
Md Moshiur Rahman
A. K. Mohiuddin
F. Ferdousi
Shi-Zhen Zhao
M. Moniruzzaman
Gan Zhang
Ahsan Habib
Abstract
Elevated-altitude sampling in Dhaka shows PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals far exceeding global guidelines; PMF identifies six emission sources, and Cr, Pb, Cd, and Mn drive non-cancer and cancer risks across all age groups.