Design and Field Evaluation of an IoT-Based Smart Tree Monitoring Network for Continuous Standing-Tree Diameter Monitoring

Abstract

Conventional forest inventories provide standardized but temporally discrete DBH observations, whereas some research and management applications require continuous observations of diameter dynamics between remeasurement campaigns. This study designed and implemented a Smart Tree Monitoring Network based on Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud storage technologies as a complementary intensive-monitoring approach for selected forest plots. The system enables automatic, continuous, networked observation of standing-tree diameter growth and consists of Tree Sensor Nodes (TSNs), Stand Gateways (SGs), and a cloud management platform. The independently designed tree diameter growth monitoring instrument senses micro-variations in DBH and conducts scheduled data acquisition. Low-power wireless transmission from TSNs to gateways is achieved through LoRa/LoRaWAN, while stand gateways aggregate multi-node data and environmental parameters and upload them to the cloud platform via a 4G network. Field deployment involved 426 devices in 10 sample plots with different terrain and climatic conditions in Hubei Province. The results showed that (1) with a 3.6 V, 19,000 mAh lithium battery and a 5 min sampling interval, daily power consumption was 5.37 mAh, corresponding to a theoretical battery-life estimate of 9.69 years under the tested duty-cycle assumptions; (2) at initial deployment, device-measured DBH showed strong agreement with manual measurements, with R2 = 0.9996, RMSE = 0.215 cm, MAE = 0.170 cm, and Bias = −0.089 cm, while subgroup analyses indicated larger underestimation for large-diameter trees; and (3) monthly mean RSSI and SNR remained above the adopted reference thresholds throughout 2025, while rainfall and temperature were associated with limited variation in signal quality. These results support the technical feasibility of the system for high-frequency DBH monitoring in selected plots, while long-term measurement drift, end-to-end data completeness, battery life under field aging, and physical durability require further validation.