Privacy-Preserving Verification of Energy Performance Contracts: A Zero-Knowledge Proof Approach Within the FORTESIE Framework

Abstract

This paper presents an application of Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) and blockchain for the monitoring and verification of Energy Performance Contracts (EPCs) within the FORTESIE project, addressing a gap that remains largely unexplored in the scientific literature. While existing research leverages ZKPs and blockchain for energy trading, no solution effectively automates the validation of contractual energy savings in EPCs. The FORTESIE platform provides an interoperable data collection and analysis framework with a Measurement and Verification (M&V) module that uses ZKPs to confirm energy savings without disclosing consumption data. Calculations are performed locally and verified through a smart contract, thereby supporting decentralized validation and secure automated incentives based on contract fulfillment. By merging cryptographic proofs with decentralized auditability, this framework establishes a new pilot model for trusted EPC execution, enhancing data sovereignty, stakeholder trust and unlocking the possibility of automatic financing models for energy efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first deployment of ZKP-driven EPC verification with blockchain transparency. Potential extensions include replicating the architecture at scale across residential and commercial buildings in Europe, integrating regulatory EPC registries, and supporting carbon credit programs or green bond issuance through credible, proof-based verification.