Multifunctional biohybrid systems of plant-derived nanovesicles with inorganic nanomaterials

Abstract

Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are lipid-bilayer vesicles containing diverse lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and small bioactive molecules. Their favorable biocompatibility, natural membrane interfaces and intrinsic biological activities make them attractive nanocarriers. However, their broader application is restricted by insufficient loading capacity, structural stability and limited functional adaptability. Integrating PDNVs with functional nanomaterials offers a means of retaining these biological features while introducing additional loading, catalytic, imaging and stimulus-responsive functions. This review summarizes the isolation, purification, characterization, composition and surface properties of PDNVs relevant to biohybrid construction. It mainly discusses the major strategies used to regulate vesicle–nanomaterial interactions, including surface engineering, interfacial coupling, membrane hybridization, cargo loading and related approaches, and critically evaluates several representative biohybrid systems of PDNVs incorporated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metallic nanoparticles, carbon dots, silicon-based and other inorganic nanomaterials. Despite recent great progress, some unfavorable issues such as inconsistent terminology, sample heterogeneity and insufficient structural validation, continue to hinder cross-study and further mechanistic understanding of biohybrid systems of PDNVs with inorganic nanomaterials. Therefore, improving methodological consistency as well as enhancing relationships between interfacial design and functional performance will be more important in future for developing reproducible PDNVs-based biohybrid systems with defined structures, predictable functionalities and a greater translational potential.