Varietal Diversity in Mediterranean Perennial Crops as a Resource for Future Agricultural Challenges – Case Studies

Abstract

Mediterranean perennial fruit crops, including grapevines, olives, citrus, and almonds, are increasingly affected by climate change through rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, changing and new pest and disease pressures. Meanwhile, modern production systems depend on a limited number of cultivars, increasing vulnerability and reducing adaptive capacity. This article examines the role of varietal diversity as a strategic resource for strengthening the resilience and sustainability of perennial crop systems in Mediterranean environments. Drawing on experimental evidence, field experience, and conservation initiatives identified within the EU-funded CLIMED-FRUIT project, this synthesises examinates examples of traditional, underutilised, and wild varieties, as well as newly bred cultivars and rootstocks, that demonstrate adaptive potential under changing climatic conditions. Case studies across Europe highlight traits such as drought and heat tolerance, including drought-tolerant grapevine varieties such as ‘Assyrtiko’ and ‘Listán Prieto’, and olive landraces like ‘Koroneiki’ disease resistance, and compatibility with reduced-input management systems. The importance of ex situ and in situ conservation, including germplasm collections and on-farm maintenance of local landraces, is discussed alongside targeted breeding efforts, such as the development of disease-tolerant grape and citrus materials. The analysis highlights varietal diversity as a critical genetic reservoir for future adaptation, providing opportunities to enhance agroecosystem resilience while maintaining productivity and quality. Integrating traditional genetic resources with modern breeding and valorisation strategies is essential. This integration will support the long-term adaptation of Mediterranean perennial fruit crops to climate and sustainability challenges.