Multi-objective sizing of a residential PV–BESS–EV/V2H microgrid with battery wear and outage resilience

Abstract

Residential photovoltaic (PV)–battery energy storage system (BESS) microgrids with electric-vehicle (EV) charging and vehicle-to-home (V2H) operation couple sizing decisions to cost, emissions, battery use, mobility readiness, and outage service. This study develops a three-objective sizing framework for a residential PV–BESS–EV/V2H microgrid under hot-desert conditions in Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia. An hourly evaluator links screened 2025 weather, a household-load chronology calibrated to measured monthly consumption, BESS and EV energy states, mobility constraints, and rule-based energy management. The minimized objectives are annualized cost excluding modeled wear, grid-related CO2 emissions, and combined wear cost from separate stationary- and traction-battery throughput accounts. Ten independent non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II runs search the design space, and a weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution selects a compromise; an equal-budget alternative optimizer provides a robustness cross-check. Because wear is represented economically, the selected BESS is also screened using rainflow counting and calendar aging. The selected design comprises 8.453 kW PV, 11.311 kWh BESS, a 5.619 kW PV inverter, and bidirectional EV supply equipment rated at 3.300 kW. Annualized cost is USD 1657.29/y excluding modeled wear and USD 2273.06/y including it, with 4128.8 kg CO2/y grid-related emissions. Against a service-equivalent Grid + EV baseline, grid import and emissions fall by 52.5%, but the incremental investment yields a −5.18% internal rate of return with no payback within 20 years. Re-optimized sensitivity cases identify dependence on load, mobility, tariff, PV-loss, and wear assumptions; a 500-realization fixed-design Monte Carlo analysis produced no feasibility violations. In all-start-hour outages at 50% critical load and 20% reserve, V2H raised full-service probability from 62.7% to 91.9% for 4 h and from 32.1% to 73.8% for 24 h. V2H therefore provides flexibility and resilience, but its value should be assessed jointly with lifecycle economics, battery use, emissions, and mobility readiness.