Artificial Intelligence Enabled Intelligent Nanoparticle for Precision Therapeutics in Persistent Post-Covid Syndrome: A Next Generation Translational Medicine Perspective

Abstract

Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS), commonly known as Long COVID, has emerged as a major global health challenge affecting millions of individuals after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Its heterogeneous clinical manifestations, prolonged symptom duration, and complex pathophysiological mechanisms including chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, viral persistence, and microvascular injury continue to hinder accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology offer promising opportunities to improve PPCS management through precision medicine. AIdriven computational platforms facilitate rapid analysis of multidimensional clinical, imaging, and genomic, proteomic, metabolomics, and immunological data, enabling early diagnosis, disease stratification, biomarker identification, and prediction of therapeutic outcomes. Concurrently, intelligent nanoparticle engineering enhances targeted drug delivery, controlled therapeutic release, immune modulation, improved bioavailability, and real-time bio sensing, overcoming several limitations of conventional therapies. The integration of AI with intelligent nanoparticle systems has established a novel translational medicine approach for personalized healthcare. AI-assisted nanoparticle design optimizes material properties, predicts toxicity and pharmacokinetics, and supports individualized therapeutic strategies with improved efficacy and safety. This review highlights the role of AI-enabled intelligent nanoparticles in precision therapeutics for PPCS, emphasizing recent advances in precision diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, immune modulation, biosensor-based monitoring, and future translational applications. The convergence of AI and Nano medicine has the potential to transform the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome.