Advances in Energy‐Driven Atomic‐Scale Post‐Engineering of Nanomaterials

Abstract

Wet‐chemical atomic‐scale post‐engineering can tailor nanomaterial atomic configurations and upgrade device performance, yet existing reviews only list discrete modification routes without unified energy‐centered mechanisms, restricting industrial popularization. This work innovatively classifies all driving forces into chemical potential difference, thermodynamic bonding energy difference, and externally input energy. Around composition modulation, surface engineering, structural reconstruction, and interfacial assembly, the energy‐driven rules of each regulation method are elaborated explicitly: chemical potential dominates lattice doping, bonding energies control surface modification, thermodynamic and external field energies induce crystal reconstruction, and weak interactions realize hierarchical nanoassembly. A complete energy mechanism system is built to unify scattered modification strategies. This work further analyzes practical prospects in catalysis, biomedicine, theranostics, and quantum devices, and systematically summarizes the critical obstacles hindering lab‐to‐industry translation, providing solid theoretical support for the basic research and large‐scale industrialization of nanomaterial atomic post‐engineering.