The Impact of Genetic, Environmental and Gene-by-Environment Factors on Adolescent Anxiety Disorders

Abstract

Various reasons contribute to the development of anxiety disorders in adolescence, and genetics, environment, and their interactions (G×E) are all involved. This systematic review examines recent evidence of genetics, environment and their interaction in the course of development of anxiety disorders during adolescence. Obtained studies from databases and screened them according to PRISMA guidelines. Most of the studies included in this review have frequently mentioned polymorphisms of the serotonin system. The most frequently studied of the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic regions was 5-HTTLPR. Based on the above research, allele differences can affect a person's risk of anxiety by altering the mechanism of neurotransmitter transmission and regulation of the stress response system. The Environment may affect the results of anxiety in adolescents. Family-related factors are included in the above, such as parenting style, parents' education, family environment and daily stress. According to research on G×E interactions, genetic risk can be increased or reduced by environmental factors; however, due to differences in the characteristics of the sample studied, anxiety was not measured, and various methods were used, the results of such studies are inconsistent. In short, the above content shows that anxiety disorders in adolescence are the result of multiple factors, and thus, both genetic and environmental factors should be considered when determining the causes of anxiety disorders. The results of this study will provide a reference for improving the present prevention and intervention plan for environmentally vulnerable adolescents.