Association Between Hypertension Prevalence and Dietary Sodium-Potassium Ratio: A Case Study of CDC Database

Association of sodium intake with incident asthma and the modifying role of potassium: insights from a prospective study

Emerging evidence suggests that high dietary salt intake may contribute to the development of immune-mediated diseases, including asthma. However, the relationship between salt consumption and the risk of adult-onset asthma, as well as how it may be influenced by other dietary electrolytes, remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the association between salt intake and asthma risk, with particular attention to the potential interaction with urinary potassium levels. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 373,647 adults from the UK Biobank who were free of asthma at baseline. Salt intake was evaluated using two complementary approaches: a subjective measure based on the self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods, and an objective estimate of 24-h sodium excretion derived from spot urine samples. Urinary potassium levels were also measured from spot urine samples and used as an indicator of potassium status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between salt intake and asthma incidence, adjusting for multiple potential confounding factors, and to assess potential effect modification by spot urinary potassium concentrations. Over a median follow-up period of 15.4 years, we documented 10,511 incident asthma cases. Compared with those who never or rarely added salt, participants who reported always adding salt had a 27% higher risk of asthma (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.17–1.38). Each 1-g/day increase in estimated 24-h sodium excretion was associated with a 15% higher asthma risk in men and a 39% higher risk in women. Spline analyses further showed a progressively increasing asthma risk with higher estimated 24-h sodium excretion, with a notably steeper gradient at lower spot urinary potassium concentrations and a modest attenuation at higher levels, supporting a potential sodium–potassium interaction in relation to asthma risk ( P for interaction < 0.05). In this large cohort study, both self-reported high salt-adding habits and higher estimated 24-h sodium excretion were associated with an increased incidence of asthma. Notably, higher spot urinary potassium concentrations appeared to attenuate the adverse effects of high sodium on asthma risk, suggesting that a combined dietary strategy of reducing salt intake while maintaining adequate potassium may help lower the risk of adult-onset asthma.

Association Between Age, Body Mass Index, and Hypertension Among Adults in Maysan Governorate, Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Hypertension is a prevalent chronic condition globally and poses a significant public health burden in relation to cardiovascular diseases, stroke and renal diseases. Identification of the disease at an early stage and associated risk factors are necessary for successful prevention and control. Aim: To evaluate selected demographic and clinical features of adult subjects and to assess the relationship between selected risk factors and hypertension history. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 160 adult subjects. A structured questionnaire on demographic features, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, history of hypertension, and use of antihypertensive drugs, was administered. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square testing and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The study population consisted of 160 subjects (n=80 hypertensive patients and n=80 normotensive controls). And 46.2% of those with hypertension were obese, 33.8% were overweight. Based on ACC/AHA categorization, 48.75% were in Stage 1 HTN and 42.5% in Stage 2 HTN. The hypertensive group also had significantly greater systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and body weight than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Findings, this clearly demonstrates that hypertension remains a significant public health issue, associated with several demographic and behavioral characteristics . Promoting healthy lifestyle, blood pressure screening, and early treatment intervention may help alleviate the hypertension load in the society.

Application of competing risks models in cardiovascular mortality research: findings from the Tehran lipid and glucose study

Socioeconomic gradients in hypertension prevalence and management: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Despite advances in hypertension treatment, achieving optimal blood pressure control remains a major public health challenge. Socioeconomic status (SES) may influence hypertension management; however, evidence on its associations with pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, and self-management education remains limited. In this study, the association between SES and hypertension-related outcomes in the Republic of Korea was investigated. METHODS In this nationwide cross-sectional study, data from the 2023 Korea Community Health Survey were analyzed, comprising 231,584 and 228,608 adults for educational attainment and household income analyses, respectively. Hypertension-related outcomes included diagnosed hypertension, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, and self-management education. Crude and age- and sex-adjusted rates were calculated, followed by multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of diagnosed hypertension was 31.3%. Among participants with hypertension, the rates of pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, and self-management education were 95.9%, 23.8%, and 15.5%, respectively. The multivariable analyses showed a dose-response relationship between SES and outcomes: participants with primary school education or less had higher odds of diagnosed hypertension (odds ratio, 1.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.71-1.88) and pharmacotherapy use (2.04; 1.67-2.50) but lower odds of lifestyle modification engagement (0.47; 0.43-0.50) and receiving self-management education (0.34; 0.31-0.38) compared to those with college degree or higher. Notably, these socioeconomic gradients remained robustly consistent across all strata, while significantly steeper gradients were observed among females and younger adults (< 65 years). Analyses by household income showed similar patterns of associations, although with slightly weaker magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS Lower SES was associated with a higher prevalence of diagnosed hypertension and pharmacotherapy use but lower participation in lifestyle modifications and self-management education. Strengthening tailored self-management education and lifestyle modification support for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups may be an important strategy to reduce hypertension-related disparities.

Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Untreated, Uncontrolled and Resistant Hypertension among American Adults with Prediabetes.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of untreated, uncontrolled and resistant hypertension and their specific prognosis among American adults with prediabetes remain unclear. We aimed to explore the prevalence of hypertension treatment and control and their associated risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among this population. METHODS We analyzed data from 12,321 participants in the NHANES survey (1999-2016). Prediabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose 5.6-7.0 mmol/L, hemoglobin A1c 5.7%-6.4%, 2-hour glucose 7.8-11.1 mmol/L, or self-reported diagnosis. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg, a self-reported history of hypertension, or current antihypertensive medication use, and categorized into untreated, controlled, uncontrolled, and resistant hypertension. Cox regression assessed associations between hypertension categories and CVD and all-cause mortality. RESULTS The study included 12,321 adults with prediabetes, representing an estimated 53.3 million individuals. Age- and sex-standardized hypertension prevalence was 43%. Among those with hypertension, 62% were receiving treatment. Among treated individuals, 66% had controlled hypertension, 26.5% had uncontrolled hypertension, and 7.5% had resistant hypertension. Mortality risk increased progressively from non-hypertensive to untreated, controlled, uncontrolled, and resistant hypertension stages. Compared to non-hypertensive individuals, hazard ratios (HRs) for CVD mortality were 1.17 (95% CI: 0.80-1.71), 1.52 (1.04-2.21), 2.03 (1.35-3.05), and 1.83 (1.07-3.13), respectively (P trend <0.001). For all-cause mortality, HRs were 1.01 (0.86-1.20), 1.05 (0.87-1.26), 1.16 (0.95-1.41), and 1.42 (1.09-1.85), respectively (P trend = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Hypertension was highly prevalent among American adults with prediabetes, and mortality risk increased with advancing hypertension stages.

The Association Between Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance and the Risk of Hypertension

To systematically investigate the association and dose-response relationship between the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) and the risk of hypertension, using data from a prospective cohort study of Chinese adults. A total of 4866 adults without baseline hypertension were enrolled from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and followed up for 6 years to observe new-onset hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analyses were employed to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between METS-IR and hypertension risk. During follow-up, 1256 participants developed hypertension. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that METS-IR was an independent risk factor for hypertension. As a continuous variable, METS-IR showed a positive correlation with hypertension risk (OR = 1.03, 95% CI, 1.02-1.05, P <.001). In quartile analyses, compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of METS-IR was associated with increased hypertension risk (OR = 1.73, 95% CI, 1.37-2.18, P <.001). Restricted cubic spline analysis confirmed a linear correlation between METS-IR and hypertension risk (Pnonlinear = .388). Subgroup analyses indicated no significant interaction effects of sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, region, body mass index, or age on this association (all P for interaction >.05). Metabolic score for insulin resistance serves as an independent risk factor for hypertension, with elevated levels demonstrating a robust positive correlation with hypertension risk.