An Integrated TAM-TOE Methodological Framework for RWHS Adoption within Non-Domestic Sector in Malaysia

Abstract

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) are increasingly recognised as sustainable water management solutions, yet their adoption within Malaysia’s non-domestic sector remains limited despite growing water security concerns. Existing studies have largely focused on domestic applications, technical performance and economic feasibility, with limited attention to organisational readiness and decision-making processes in industrial and commercial contexts. This study proposes a methodological framework that integrates the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework to assess intention to adopt RWHS within Malaysia’s non-domestic sector. The methodology follows a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, where survey data are analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and then supplemented with expert interviews to interpret the quantitative results. The framework incorporates technological, organisational, environmental and perception-based factors influencing RWHS adoption intention. This study contributes a structured approach for assessing organisational readiness and offers practical value for policymakers and industry stakeholders seeking to promote wider adoption of sustainable water technologies in Malaysia.