Synergistic integration of plant-waste derived bioenzymes and nanozymes for advanced pesticide remediation: a green-nano roadmap

Abstract

The current review presents the growing importance of synergistic interactions between biological enzymes and nanocatalysts for sustainable pesticide remediation. Agrochemical pesticides, especially organophosphates and neonicotinoids, represent significant risks of adverse ecological effects and inter-generational health impacts because of their potential for bioaccumulation, recalcitrance, and epigenetic hazards. The review considers the prospects of combining biological enzymes extracted from plant waste via microbial fermentation and advanced nanoenzymes as a promising approach for degradation of pesticides. Biological enzymes derived from plant waste can achieve highly selective enzymatic hydrolysis, while nanozymes provide strong oxidation capacity, high thermal resistance, and improved recyclability for total mineralization of intermediates. The review also covers topics on biogenic nanomaterials, bio-hydrogel filters, and advanced sensing methods. Mechanistic aspects of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate degradation were discussed to exemplify tandem catalytic action. Moreover, issues related to scalability and sustainability, regulatory measures, and “regrettable remediation” were considered in light of circular bioeconomy and zero-waste biorefineries.