Integrating Environmental and Operational Risks in FPSO-Tanker Oil Transfer to Support Sustainable Marine Operations

Abstract

During FPSO–tanker offloading, a small disturbance in positioning, hose integrity, monitoring, or weather response can quickly affect both transfer performance and environmental safety. Most previous studies discuss these issues through operational failure, cargo loss, or FMEA-based ranking, but the link between operational disruption and environmental exposure at the activity level is still not clearly explained. This paper examines that link by reviewing 23 logistics activities from the FPSO–tanker transfer process and screening them with a probability–impact matrix. From this screening, six activities were identified as critical interfaces. Six critical interfaces were retained, of which 66.7% represented integrated operational and environmental risks. The sustainability linkage assessment showed that 83.3% of the retained interfaces simultaneously affected operational continuity, transfer safety, and environmental protection. The results indicate that sustainable FPSO–tanker oil transfer depends on the focused management of critical interfaces rather than the fragmented control of isolated hazards.