Design of an Integrated Internet of Things-Based Monitoring System for Automatic Rain Gauges and Automatic Weather Stations in East Java

Abstract

Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) and Automatic Rain Gauges (ARG) continuously generate meteorological observation data that are essential for weather monitoring and operational decision-making. However, monitoring these instruments separately reduces operational efficiency and delays the detection of equipment failures and abnormal sensor conditions. This study proposes an Internet of Things (IoT)-based integrated monitoring system for AWS and ARG in East Java by combining MQTT, Node-RED, MySQL (managed through phpMyAdmin), Grafana, and Telegram into a centralized monitoring platform. Observation data from 23 AWS stations and 82 ARG stations are received through the MQTT Broker, processed using Node-RED, stored in a MySQL database, visualized on Grafana dashboards, and evaluated using predefined threshold values to identify abnormal conditions automatically. Threshold values for air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were derived from each station's historical observations, while other parameters used fixed operational thresholds. The proposed system was evaluated using Black Box Testing over a one-month testing period. The results demonstrate that the system successfully integrates real-time data acquisition, database management, dashboard visualization, anomaly detection, device status monitoring, and Telegram-based notifications into a unified platform. Furthermore, the system effectively identifies sensor spikes, frozen sensor readings, offline devices, and abnormal meteorological parameters, thereby improving the efficiency, reliability, and responsiveness of operational monitoring for AWS and ARG networks.