Developing a comprehensive and integrated public transport framework in Indonesia

Abstract

Urban transportation in Indonesia continues to face challenges related to congestion, fragmented services, and poor-quality public transport. These challenges indicate a gap between community mobility needs and the capacity of public transport services to meet them. Existing route planning has not been systematically developed based on the origin-destination (OD) matrix, while qualitative interviews have revealed institutional and operational barriers to the effective implementation of public transport services. Furthermore, public transport management remains traditional and fragmented. The estimated willingness to pay (WTP) was Indonesian rupiah (Rp) 3,742.06, which was 8.10% lower than the ability to pay (ATP), indicating a need for appropriate incentive policies to enhance WTP and encourage greater use of public transport. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for the implementation and management of public transport services. The methodology includes: (1) travel demand analysis using PTV VISUM transport simulation, (2) ATP and WTP analysis, (3) operational and vehicle operating cost (VOC) analysis, (4) service satisfaction surveys, and (5) institutional and policy analysis. The findings resulted in an integrated four-component framework encompassing planning, management, finance, and policy. The proposed framework is designed as a nationally adaptable strategy to enhance the efficiency, equity, and sustainability of public transport services.