3D Imaging of the Comparative Anatomical Structure of the Ossa Cranii in Some Ruminants

Abstract

Simple Summary This study examines the ossa cranii morphology of species in the families Camelidae, Giraffidae, and Bovidae (camels, giraffes, cattle, sheep, and goats) using modern 3D laser scanning and digital modeling. Given the extreme variation in skull size, a qualitative anatomical analysis of bone structure and morphology was conducted instead of morphometric measurements. The findings show that, despite preservation of the ossa cranii basic organization, each species has evolved distinct adaptations. Camels are characterized by a prominent crista sagittalis externa, the absence of horns, and an os vomer twice as long as in other species. Giraffes exhibit the most distinctive structure, with massive air sinuses that protect the brain from impact, unique ossicones that fuse to the skull later, and specialized occipital condyles that enable the head to be held upright. In large ruminants (cattle), an expanded frontal region and processus cornualis structures, which form the basis of the horns, are prominent. In small ruminants, however, the morphology of the sphenoid bone and the nasoincisive suture line specific to goats have been identified as distinguishing taxonomic criteria. These morphological variations reflect the functional needs of the species, such as feeding strategies, fighting behaviors, and environmental adaptations. The results of this study are relevant to veterinary anatomy education, the planning of surgical interventions, and radiology.