Rubber/Graphene Nanocomposites: A Critical Review

Abstract

Graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), have attracted considerable attention as effective nanofillers for rubber nanocomposites due to their outstanding mechanical strength, large surface area, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. This review discusses how graphene-based materials can enhance the performance of elastomers, including natural rubber and various synthetic rubbers, with a particular emphasis on achieving uniform dispersion and strong interfacial interactions within the rubber matrix. The paper outlines key synthesis and functionalization approaches for graphene derivatives, along with commonly used processing methods such as solution mixing, in situ polymerization, latex blending, and mechanical compounding. It further examines how the incorporation of graphene influences cure behavior, rheological characteristics—especially the Payne effect—and the overall structure–property relationships of the composites. Improvements in mechanical strength, thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and barrier performance are discussed in relation to filler dispersion and interfacial bonding. Recent progress in theoretical modeling and simulation is also highlighted, offering insights into predicting composite performance and guiding material design. Despite these advancements, challenges such as large-scale processing, consistent dispersion, and a deeper understanding of interfacial mechanisms still remain. Overall, this review provides a clear and balanced perspective to support the future development and practical application of graphene–rubber nanocomposites.