CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS OF SUSTAINABLE CAMPUS INITIATIVES FOR MALAYSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Abstract

Higher education institutions play a significant role in promoting sustainability, both through the way they operate and through educating the next generation. However, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations, it remains extremely challenging for Malaysian higher education institutions to fulfil these requirements, as there is no specific conceptual framework developed to guide sustainable campus efforts effectively. To address this gap, this study develops a comprehensive conceptual framework for sustainable campus initiatives that is applicable to the Malaysian context. Using a systematic literature review, 949 articles were reviewed from the Scopus and Web of Science databases between 2015 and 2025. After screening based on inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria, 35 relevant papers were eligible for full review. Based on the results, six elements were identified for the development of the conceptual framework. The six elements for the success of sustainable campus initiatives are (1) government and leadership, (2) strategic planning, (3) operations, (4) curriculum development, (5) research and development, and (6) community engagement. The findings suggest that these key elements are critical to the success of sustainable campus efforts. This conceptual framework offers Malaysian higher education institutions a systematic and actionable approach to improve their sustainability practices and achieve their societal goals towards the global SDG agenda.