Youth Perceptions of Substance Use: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis of Impacts on Well-being and Life Goals

Abstract

Substance use (including alcohol, tobacco and other drugs) is a critical public health issue. The use of substances by youth, have potential for harm, including both short-term and long- term implications. Therefore, it is important to understand the function youth perceive substances having in their lives and how this is impacting their life goals and well-being. However, to date, no research has directly explored this. To address this, the current research explored the lived experiences and perspectives of youth in Aotearoa New Zealand on substance use. It examined how they perceive substances influencing their life goals and overall well-being. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten youth participants (aged 15 to 23 years). The interviews were analysed and transcribed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Five interconnected themes were developed: 1) Patterns, progression and changing use over time, 2) Motivations for use, 3) Social, family and cultural influence, 4) Perceptions of risk and evolving awareness and 5) Support, resilience and access to services. Despite acknowledging the challenges associated with substance use participants described a complex and evolving relationship with substances. Substance use was influenced by changing life circumstances, emotional needs and social connections. While some youth viewed substance use as irrelevant or, at times, facilitative to their future aspirations and well-being, others recognised it as a barrier. These findings contribute to deepening our understanding of youth substance use by foregrounding youth voices. This research identified implications for future policy and practice, including more informed education, non-judgmental support and improved access to youth-relevant services. These should relate to substance use, future thinking and well-being in Aotearoa New Zealand. Future research suggestions are also discussed.