MPOX: CURRENT CHALLENGES IN DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION, AND PUBLIC HEALTH – A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Mpox (monkeypox) has emerged as a major global public health concern following the unprecedented multinational outbreaks that began in 2022. Although historically considered a neglected zoonotic disease confined mainly to endemic regions of Central and West Africa, recent epidemiological changes, international spread, and the emergence of new viral clades have highlighted significant gaps in preparedness, surveillance, and access to medical countermeasures. The clinical spectrum of mpox has also evolved, with atypical presentations increasingly reported during recent outbreaks, creating additional diagnostic challenges for clinicians. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and public health implications of mpox. Particular attention is given to limitations of existing diagnostic methods, the evolving evidence surrounding antiviral therapy, challenges associated with vaccine availability and effectiveness, and the importance of risk communication and stigma reduction strategies. The review also discusses the role of genomic surveillance, point-of-care diagnostics, and the One Health approach in strengthening future outbreak preparedness and response. Despite substantial progress in understanding mpox since 2022, important uncertainties remain regarding long-term control strategies, equitable access to vaccines and therapeutics, and the management of emerging viral variants. Continued international collaboration, investment in surveillance infrastructure, and improved global health equity will be essential for reducing the impact of future mpox outbreaks.