Human Rights-Based Interdisciplinary Analysis Model of the Politics of Law, Political Economy, the Environment, and Global Governance

Abstract

Background: National Strategic Projects (PSN) in Indonesia possess constitutional legitimacy under Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution; however, their implementation has contributed to increasing agrarian conflicts and community criminalization. In 2023, 241 agrarian conflicts affected 638,188 hectares across 346 villages, involving 135,608 victims, including 21 PSN-related conflicts covering 243,556 hectares and affecting 3,464 victims. Objective: This study examines the State Capture Chain in strategic development through an interdisciplinary perspective integrating political law, political economy, global governance, and human rights. Methods: This research applies a normative juridical approach supported by the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) framework and an eight-stage State Capture Chain Analytical Framework to identify policy-capture mechanisms in strategic development governance. Results: The findings reveal that regulatory frameworks, including the Job Creation Law, indicate potential policy capture by oligarchic interests, weakening the substantive interpretation of public interest and enabling extensive exploitation of natural resources and land. This reflects a transition from a welfare-state paradigm toward an investment-state orientation, where legal instruments, public financing, and state institutions increasingly prioritize economic growth and investment objectives. Conclusion: The study concludes that insufficient human rights safeguards and carbon-emission governance pose risks to PSN sustainability and the acceptance of downstream products in global green markets. Strengthening accountability requires institutionalizing the Strategic Environmental and Social Management Plan (SESMP) and applying restorative justice mechanisms to protect affected communities and prevent state-capture practices that undermine public interests.