Long-term visual outcomes and development of retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comparison of conventional and novel classifications

Abstract

Retinal pigment epithelial and outer retinal atrophy (RORA) and complete RORA (cRORA) are major determinants of long-term vision in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), but their development across subtypes is poorly defined, especially in Asian populations, in whom pachychoroid-driven disease is common. We compared long-term visual outcomes and atrophy burden between the conventional and novel nAMD classifications. One hundred twenty eyes of 120 treatment-naïve patients with nAMD followed at least six years were classified by conventional (typical nAMD [tAMD], polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [PCV], retinal angiomatous proliferation [RAP]) and novel (drusen type, pachychoroid type, mixed type, other type) schemes. All eyes received three loading anti-VEGF injections followed by a pro re nata regimen. RORA within the central 1 mm was graded on optical coherence tomography; lesions ≥ 250 μm were defined as cRORA. Visual acuity (VA) retention, atrophy prevalence, and VA around atrophy onset were assessed. Mean age was 78.0 ± 9.2 years and overall VA retention was 71%. VA retention did not differ among conventional subtypes, but under the novel classification was significantly lower in the drusen type and higher in the pachychoroid type (P < 0.01). VA declined significantly after both RORA and cRORA onset (both P < 0.001). Final RORA/cRORA prevalence was 44.4%/29.6% in tAMD, 50.0%/28.3% in PCV, 83.3%/50.0% in RAP and 76.9%/61.5% in the drusen type, in which cRORA was highest (P < 0.05). The novel classification distinguished long-term visual outcomes that the conventional classification did not: the drusen type showed the poorest VA retention and highest cRORA prevalence, whereas the pachychoroid type fared best.