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REKONSTRUKSI HUKUM DIGITAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF HAK ASASI MANUSIA: MENUJU MODEL KONSTITUSIONALISME DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIF

Sep 2026 · YURISDIKSI : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Humaniora · 0 citations

Abstract

ABSTRACT Digital transformation has generated new inequalities in legal relations, particularly as states and digital platforms gain substantial power to control data, information, and spaces for expression, while Indonesia’s positive digital law remains largely sectoral and oriented toward legal certainty and repressive enforcement. This gap requires attention because the development of artificial intelligence, data-driven economies, and platform power may intensify risks to human rights. This study aims to analyze the limitations of Indonesia’s digital law in protecting human rights and to formulate a legal reconstruction model responsive to technological development. The study employs normative juridical research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, supported by socio-legal perspectives and technology development analysis. Legal materials are analyzed prescriptively through interpretation, harmonization, and synthesis to construct a legal model. The findings reveal regulatory fragmentation, limited protection of freedom of expression, inadequate data protection mechanisms amid asymmetric relations, insufficient guarantees of independence for the data protection authority, and the absence of comprehensive risk-based artificial intelligence governance. The study proposes a Transformative Digital Constitutionalism Model integrating constraints on platform power, statutory fiduciary duties for data, strengthened independence of the data protection authority, risk-based AI governance, and limits on criminalization of expression through proportional and restorative approaches. This model offers a human-rights-oriented framework for reconstructing digital law toward substantive justice. ABSTRAK Transformasi digital menghadirkan ketimpangan baru dalam relasi hukum, terutama ketika negara dan platform digital memiliki kemampuan besar untuk mengendalikan data, informasi, dan ruang berekspresi, sementara hukum positif Indonesia masih cenderung sektoral dan berorientasi pada kepastian serta penegakan represif. Kesenjangan tersebut penting dikaji karena perkembangan kecerdasan buatan, ekonomi berbasis data, dan kekuasaan platform berpotensi memperluas risiko pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keterbatasan hukum digital Indonesia dalam melindungi hak asasi manusia serta merumuskan model rekonstruksi hukum yang responsif terhadap perkembangan teknologi. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif, didukung perspektif sosio-legal dan kajian perkembangan teknologi. Bahan hukum dianalisis secara preskriptif melalui interpretasi, harmonisasi, dan sintesis untuk membangun konstruksi model hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya fragmentasi pengaturan, keterbatasan perlindungan terhadap kebebasan berekspresi, ketidakcukupan mekanisme perlindungan data dalam relasi yang asimetris, belum kuatnya jaminan independensi otoritas perlindungan data, serta belum tersedianya tata kelola kecerdasan buatan berbasis risiko. Penelitian merekomendasikan Model Konstitusionalisme Digital Transformatif yang mengintegrasikan pembatasan kekuasaan platform, kewajiban fiduciary atas data, penguatan independensi otoritas perlindungan data, tata kelola AI berbasis risiko, serta pembatasan kriminalisasi ekspresi melalui pendekatan proporsional dan restoratif. Model ini menawarkan kerangka rekonstruksi hukum digital yang berorientasi pada hak asasi manusia dan keadilan substantif.

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