Association Between Social Media Screen Time and Depression and Anxiety Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Abstract
Social media use by youth is nearly a universal phenomenon. Adolescents of this generation find it very challenging to envision a life without social media. Despite its pervasive use among children and adolescents, there has been very little research conducted to understand the impact of time spent on social media on children, especially on their mental health and wellbeing. This systematic review examines the extent to which social media screen time is associated between depressive and anxiety symptoms among adolescents aged 10-19 years. Following the PRISMA 2020 Statement, six databases and Google Scholar were searched, of which fifty eligibility studies were retrieved which was published between January 2015 and August 2026, comprising 33 cross-sectional and 17 cohort designs. Two independent reviewers partitioned records, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklists for cross-sectional and cohort studies. As a result of the substantial heterogeneity in exposure and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis of the findings was more relevant than statistical pooling. The majority of studies reported a significant positive association between social media use and depressive symptoms, with the recent cohort studies using within-person analytic techniques strengthening this association. Evidence for anxiety was directionally similar but weaker, less consistent, and in several studies non-linear. The key moderating and mediating factors were gender, sleep disruptions, cyberbullying, active vs. passive engagement, and familial and peer environments. Quality appraisal indicated a generally sound evidence base, with all cross-sectional studies rated high quality, confidence was limited by widespread dependence on unvalidated self-report exposure measures and unclear baseline symptom status in the cohort studies. These findings support a shift in clinical practice, policy, and future research away from screen-time limits alone and toward assessing the pattern, content, and context of adolescent social media use. Keywords: mental health; Depression; Anxiety; Adolescents; social media screen time