Virus-based therapeutic platforms

Abstract

The development of molecular virology, genetic engineering, and immunology has enabled the transformation of viruses into versatile platforms, including vaccine vectors, cancer therapeutics, gene delivery systems, and antimicrobial agents. Live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines are well-established strategies that continue to play a critical role in public health. Viral vectors have demonstrated potential in solving health crises globally in recent years. Oncolytic viruses, including talimogene laherparepvec, have been approved by regulators, and many others are in clinical trials for a wide range of cancers. Viral vectors have also become important tools in gene therapy. Adeno-associated virus vectors have been clinically validated for disorders including spinal muscular atrophy and inherited retinal dystrophy, whereas lentiviral vectors are widely used ex vivo in approved therapies for selected hematologic, immunologic, and metabolic disorders. In addition to conventional therapeutics, virus-based antimicrobial strategies, including phage-based enzymes and bacteriophages, are being investigated as alternatives to antibiotics to address antimicrobial resistance. Diagnostics and biotechnology have also been significantly advanced with the application of viral components and enzymes. Despite their promise, virus-based therapeutics face challenges including safety concerns, immunogenicity, manufacturing complexities, and regulatory requirements. Advances in synthetic virology, including improved vector design and combination approaches, will continue to expand the medical applications of viruses. This review provides a detailed discussion of the development and applications of virus-based medicines, as well as the challenges and future perspectives in this rapidly evolving field.