The role of religion in security: challenges and opportunities

Abstract

Religion remains a central yet contested dimension of contemporary security, influencing both conflict dynamics and peacebuilding efforts. As a potential driver of violence and a resource for resilience, religion shapes state and non-state actors, societal cohesion, and international security environments. This study examines the dual role of religion in security, analysing challenges such as radicalisation, extremism, and ethno-religious conflicts, alongside opportunities for conflict resolution, interfaith dialogue, and social cohesion. Case studies from the Middle East, Africa, and Europe illustrate these dynamics. In this study, the author adopts a systematic research approach, drawing conclusions through analysis and synthesis and supporting the theoretical arguments with evidence from practical case studies and real-world experience. These methodological elements provide the foundation for the study’s findings. The findings suggest that while religion can exacerbate insecurity when politicised, it also provides moral authority, mediation tools, and transnational solidarity, emphasising the need for nuanced approaches that integrate states, civil society, and faith-based actors.