Policy Perspectives on Societal Security in Europe through Fostering Communication, Diversity and Inclusion. A Comparative Critical Discourse Analysis of the Political Rhetoric of Emmanuel Macron, Ursula von der Leyen and Georgia Meloni

Abstract

The evolving understanding of societal security in Europe has extended beyond traditional concerns of territorial defence to encompass social cohesion, democratic resilience, diversity and inclusion. In this context, political communication has become an important instrument through which policy priorities and responses to contemporary challenges are legitimised. This article examines the relationship between political rhetoric and societal security through a comparative critical discourse analysis of speeches delivered by Emmanuel Macron, Ursula von der Leyen and Giorgia Meloni. Representing different political traditions and institutional roles, these political leaders advance distinct perspectives on migration, identity, European integration and social inclusion. Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study explores the linguistic choices, argumentative strategies and underlying assumptions that support competing policy approaches to societal security. The comparative analysis identifies both common themes and significant differences in the interpretation of security, diversity and inclusion, highlighting the way in which political rhetoric contributes to the public justification of policy decisions. The article argues that contrasting discursive approaches reflect broader ideological differences regarding the future of European governance and the balance between national priorities and collective European values. By integrating insights from political communication and security studies, the article contributes to current debates on societal security in the European context.