TL;DR
It is shown that expression of AVR2 is strongly induced in root-and xylem-colonizing hyphae three days post inoculation, and it is found that Avr2 has to be nuclear localized to trigger an I-2 -dependent cell death response.
An effector pair, notably Six5-Avr2, in the fungus Fusarium oxysporum that is recognized by a single resistance gene in tomato, I-2 is identified, the first report of a pair of effectors being recognized by a single R gene.
Heterologous expression of AVR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana caused enhanced susceptibility towards Verticillium dahliae, a xylem-colonizing fungal pathogen, and in tomato, AVR2 expression resulted in plants with elongated internodes and smaller leaf angles resulting in upward pointing leaves.
The use of pathogen-derived effectors as molecular probes to identify S genes is explored, finding that most effector targets identified so far are not applicable as S genes due to detrimental effects they have on other traits.
It is shown that AvrC is a glycosyltransferase with auto-rhamnosylation activity, an elusive Pseudomonas syringae avirulence effector protein with significant sequence and structural similarity to AvrB.
FpSP5, an effector from F. pseudograminearum, is identified as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that triggers plant immunity and induces cell death, oxidative burst, and PTI in Nicotiana benthamiana, conferring resistance against multiple pathogens.
Findings indicate that EC19 with ribonuclease activity promotes Fol infection, expanding the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Fol virulence.
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