Detection of AI-Obfuscated, AI-Refined, and Humanized AI-Generated Text: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) are now widely used to draft, revise, paraphrase, and polish text, making the detection of AI-generated writing increasingly difficult. This systematic literature review synthesizes peer-reviewed and high-quality studies published between 2023 and 2026 on AI-obfuscated, AI-refined, and humanized text. From 1,002 records, 26 primary studies were retained after screening and quality assessment. The review organizes the literature through a seven-dimensional taxonomy. Overall, the evidence shows that many detectors perform well on clean or in-distribution AI-text but become less reliable when the text is paraphrased, humanized, or collaboratively edited. The review also highlights recurring fairness concerns, especially for non-native English writers, and finds that current benchmarks often do not fully capture realistic mixed-authorship and adversarial settings. These results suggest that AI-text detection should be treated as one supportive signal rather than a stand-alone judgment, particularly in high-stakes academic or professional contexts.