Design of an IoT-Based Waste Management System for Biogas Production as a Renewable Energy Source

Abstract

The increasing volume of organic waste presents serious environmental challenges while the demand for renewable energy continues to rise. This study proposes the design and implementation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart biodigester system for converting organic waste into biogas as a renewable energy source. The system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller with DHT22 temperature, MPX5700 pressure, and MQ-4 methane gas sensors for real-time monitoring of fermentation parameters. A K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) regression algorithm is embedded to predict methane pressure and enable automated system control. Experimental results indicate that the optimal model configuration at k = 4 achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.18 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.21, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. The developed prototype improves methane production stability and enhances overall energy conversion efficiency. This research contributes to sustainable organic waste management and decentralized renewable energy systems.