Emerging trends in perovskite based advanced photocatalysts for sustainable dye degradation from wastewater

Abstract

Synthetic dyes released from industries have become a major source of water pollution due to their toxic, stable and non-biodegradable nature. Conventional wastewater treatment methods such as adsorption, coagulation, membrane filtration, ozonolysis, advance oxygen species and biological processes have been widely employed for dye removal. Although these techniques can reduce pollutant concentration but often involve limitations like incomplete degradation, high operational cost, secondary sludge formation and reduced efficiency toward complex organic contaminants. In recent years photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment. Semiconductor based photocatalysts particularly perovskite materials have attracted significant scientific interest because of their unique crystal structure, tunable electronic properties and efficient light utilization. Compared with conventional methods photocatalytic systems can effectively degrade dye molecules into less toxic products by generating reactive species under light irradiation. This process provides a more sustainable and environmental friendly approach for wastewater treatment. The photocatalytic efficiency of perovskite materials is strongly influenced by their synthesis method, structural properties and surface characteristics which are commonly investigated using advanced characterization techniques. This review provides an overview of dye pollution and critically compares conventional treatment approaches with photocatalytic degradation. Special emphasis is given to the emerging role of perovskite-based photocatalysts as efficient materials for sustainable dye remediation and future wastewater treatment applications.