Biomass gasification in Indonesia: A review of decentralized energy system

Abstract

Biomass gasification is a promising technology for energy production in remote areas with abundant biomass resources, making it highly relevant for application in Indonesia, where electricity distribution remains unstable, especially in frontier, outermost, and disadvantaged regions. This study presents a systematic literature review guided by the PRISMA framework on biomass gasification technology and its application in decentralized systems in Indonesia. Publications supporting this literature were collected from scientific databases using relevant keywords and selection criteria, in accordance with the characteristics of biomass widely distributed in Indonesia such as agricultural, plantation, and forestry products. These various types of biomass hold potential for syngas production using downdraft gasification technology in remote areas. Based on analysis using the PRISMA method in the systematic literature review, it is concluded that biomass gasification systems, in combination with other new renewable technologies such as PV (photovoltaic) and wind turbines, can help extend electricity supply duration and reduce dependence on state-owned coal-fired power plants or the use of diesel for electricity in remote areas, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions (carbon neutrality). However, in practice, there are still challenges in the use of biomass gasification technology in remote areas, such as designing integrated systems between central electricity sources and local areas for energy system sustainability, a strong and clear policy framework, as well as financial mechanisms capable of reducing the burden of high initial capital expenditure. This scientific work was carried out to contribute to the review of future decentralized energy system development in Indonesia.