A Preliminary Review on the Structural Reliability of Offshore Renewable Energy Infrastructure Under Climatic Variability

Abstract

This paper presents a structured narrative review of the impact of climate change on off-shore renewable energy (ORE) infrastructure, focusing on the interaction between climatic stress factors and structural reliability. Following a structured literature search, numerous scientific studies were selected and analyzed based on predefined inclusion criteria related to climatic loads; the results included in various studies were analyzed in relation to probabilistic assessment methods and offshore structural performance. This study tracks technological evolution from the first offshore wind farms to modern hybrid systems that combine wind, solar, and energy storage. The results highlight the central role of probabilistic methods in assessing structural safety under extreme weather conditions, showing that traditional deterministic approaches must be complemented with advanced statistical models for risk estimation. The review also highlights the contribution of offshore renewable energy to global energy security by diversifying sources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. By integrating technological advances with rigorous reliability analyses, this study provides clear directions for designing sustainable, resilient, and climate-adapted offshore infrastructure.