Socio-economic evaluation of food loss and waste interventions: A structured methodological framework

Abstract

Food loss and waste (FLW) represent a major socio-economic and environmental challenge, generating significant economic losses, environmental externalities, and social inefficiencies across food systems. While numerous interventions targeting FLW prevention and valorisation have been implemented, their socio-economic impacts are assessed using heterogeneous methodological approaches, limiting comparability and policy relevance. This paper provides a structured overview and comparative assessment of socio-economic evaluation methods applied to FLW interventions. The analysis reviews cost-benefit analysis, full-cost accounting, life-cycle costing, input-output and economy-wide models, as well as hybrid and multi-criteria frameworks. For each method, the paper discusses analytical scope, data requirements, strengths and limitations, and suitability for different intervention types. The findings underline that no single method adequately captures the multidimensional impacts of FLW reduction, highlighting the need for integrated and context-sensitive evaluation frameworks. The paper concludes with methodological guidance for researchers and policymakers aimed at supporting evidence-based decision-making aligned with circular economy and sustainable development objectives.