Vehicle-to-Grid-to-Community-Driven Energy Communities: Integrating electric mobility, hybrid renewable systems, and blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading.

Abstract

The accelerating shift toward electrification is transforming the relationship between power systems and transportation, driven by the rapid growth of renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs). Yet, most existing frameworks still treat EVs as passive consumers or isolated storage units, limiting their contribution to system flexibility and resilience. This article explores a broader vision in which EVs become active participants in energy systems through an extended vehicle-to-grid-to-community (V3G) concept. Within this framework, EVs operate as mobile and distributed energy resources integrated into hybrid renewable systems combining solar, wind, and storage technologies. Beyond conventional grid interaction, EVs are prioritized to support local loads and community-level energy balancing. To enable decentralized coordination, a blockchain-based peer-to-peer (P2P) platform is introduced, allowing secure and transparent energy exchange among users, vehicles, and infrastructure. Rather than focusing on algorithmic complexity, this work emphasizes system-level design and practical integration. It illustrates how the convergence of electrified mobility, distributed generation, and digital energy markets can enhance flexibility, reduce grid dependency, and empower energy communities across both urban and rural contexts.