SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF TIME CLAUSES IN ENGLISH AND AZERBAIJANI LANGUAGES
Abstract
The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the structural, semantic, and functional characteristics of complex sentences with time clauses in modern English and Azerbaijani languages. The study explores the typological similarities and differences within the polypredicative constructions of the compared languages. It is established that the manifestation of the categories of tense, mood, and person, as well as the logico-semantic function of temporal relations, represent common features in both languages. The fundamental divergences stem from the internal grammatical structure of the analytical (English) and agglutinative (Azerbaijani) systems. While English time clauses strictly require lexical conjunctions and comply with the rules of the sequence of tenses, the Azerbaijani language actively utilizes morphological affixes and non-finite verbal phrases alongside conjunctions and intonation. Furthermore, the article provides an analysis of syntactic synonymy between finite time clauses and participial constructions, along with their transformational possibilities. The analysis of empirical materials shows that time-subordinate clauses, integrated into the main clause without any lexical-grammatical connecting means, only with subordinating intonation, are a very typical and widespread model for the syntactic system of the Azerbaijani language. In contrast, in modern English, which is structurally inclined to analyticity, time- subordinate clause constructions based only on subordinating intonation are not found; there, time relations necessarily require a lexical connecting element. It has been proven that in both languages, the following grammatical categories are necessarily present in the main and subordinate clauses of sentences built on temporal subordinate clauses: the temporal category (the temporal sequence or simultaneity of events); the category of form (the modality of the verb, the expression in the form of news or other forms); the category of person (indicating who is performing the action).