An Overview on the Characterization and Investigation of Polymerized Bio-Ceramics for Bone Regenerative Applications

Abstract

Many osseous faults resulting from fracture offer inherent capacity of the body to overhaul and activate the bone grafts for recovery process. In the early development, nonautologous bone grafts made of Titanium and stainless steel were suitable because of their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and durability. Biodegradable polymers belonging to the family of polymers and bioceramics also, play a major role in orthopaedics. The polymers, poly glycolic acid, poly lactic acid, hyaluronic acid, chitosan and poly vinyl alcohol were degraded by hydrolysis, enzymatic mechanism that provides related mechanical and physical properties. The degradation characteristics were subjected to various parameters including their molecular structure, crystallinity and co-polymer ratio. Bioceramic materials, calcium phosphate, Beta tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP), calcium sulphate, hydroxyapatite, tetra calcium phosphate and β calcium phosphate improves mechanical strength, biocompatibility, wound healing process, proliferation rate and bonding strength to bone tissue which depends on the features of size of pore, shape of pore, porosity, inter-connectivity and surface area. These biomaterials were rapidly attaining identification in the domain of tissue engineering for scaffolds, extra-cellular matrix components and bone replacement for osteoporosis that can be tailored for specific patients. This review mainly focuses on the investigation and characterization of polymerised bioceramics for the bone regenerative applications.